1096 – The largest of the Rhineland massacres took place in Mainz, where at least 1,100 Jews were killed by the People's Crusade.
1644 – Manchu regent Dorgon (pictured) defeated rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
1923 – French drivers André Lagache and René Léonard won the first running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race.
1975 – The deadliest road accident in England took place when the brakes on a coach failed and it crashed in North Yorkshire, killing 32 people.
1995 – American actor Christopher Reeve was thrown from his horse, leaving him a quadriplegic; he later became an activist on behalf of people with spinal cord injuries.
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